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A cong () is a form of ancient Chinese jade artifact. The earliest ''cong'' were produced by the Liangzhu culture (3400-2250 BC); later examples date mainly from the Shang and Zhou dynasties. In form, a ''cong'' is a tube with a circular inner section and squarish outer section. The outer surface is divided vertically or horizontally such that the whole defines a hollow cylinder embedded in a partial rectangular block. Proportions vary - a ''cong'' may be squat or taller than it is wide. The outer faces are sometimes decorated with mask-like faces, which may be related to the ''taotie'' designs found on later bronze vessels. Although generally considered to be a ritual object of some sort, the original function and meaning of the ''cong'' are unknown. Later writings speak of the ''cong'' as symbolizing the earth, while the ''bi'' represents the heavens. The square represents the earth and a circle represents the heavens. Porcelain versions of the ''cong'' are also known, as were featured in a BBC TV documentary entitled ''China in Six Easy Pieces'' (2013) presented by Lars Tharp, a porcelain specialist. ==Further reading== *''Les jades néolithiques chinois'' / (de Christophe Comentale, Laurent Long, Tong Peihua, Zhang Jingguo ) ; (l'ACI Du chopper au brilliant ), () : Museum national d'histoire naturelle, cop. 2008, 1 vol. (81 p.) : ill., couv. ill. ; 30 cm *''Art et archéologie : la Chine du Néolithique à la fin des Cinq Dynasties, 960 de notre ère'' / Danielle Elisseeff ; Paris : École du Louvre : RMN, 2008 *"Neolithic Chinese Jades", Angus Forsyth, in ''Jade''. Ed. Roger Keverne. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991. pp. 88–109. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cong (jade)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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